Organizational Management and Operations Paper

ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS PAPER Juan Malfavon CJA/484 v2 July 13, 2012 Gregory Baugh * Criminal Justice Trends Paper * The Policing component is only one part of the criminal justice system (triad of justice) that includes Policing, Courts, and Corrections, and it is the primary tier that generates criminal arrests, prosecutions, restraints, criminal activity, and protects the peace. * This paper will review the policing function of the criminal justice system and will identify, compare, and contrast the policing function at the local, state, and federal organizational levels of the criminal justice system.An analysis of the organizational, management, administration, and operational functions at these three organizational levels will be assessed for similarity of leadership and differences. * According to â€Å"Police Crunch† (2012), â€Å"To be an effective police/law enforcement officer, one must understand where we (law enforcement) has been, where society believes we are and what the heck is going to happen in the future† (Para. 1). For society to continue a policing effectiveness, one must also understand the leadership aspects associated with managing personnel, and equipment at all levels of law enforcement.Keeping the peace; be it local or national requires tremendous resources, and an acutely instinctive leadership base. * Police Function Comparison Defining law enforcement capability also requires identifying agencies that work in the same capacity of law enforcement; that is, protecting the pace, enforcing laws, and combating crime. In the article Trends and Practices in Law Enforcement and Private Security by the Law Enforcement-Private Security Consortium (2009).The Consortium defines law enforcement as the following agencies; Public law enforcement agencies, including local, state, and tribal police departments; sheriffs’ departments, and federal agencies, such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, the U. S. Secret Service, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and many others. The purpose of identifying these agencies is to support the reader’s perspective of what law enforcement agencies are; be they local, state or federal.Policing at any level of civil capacity requires an arduous amount of time, resources, and most important; dependable personnel, and quality leadership. Technology and all its capabilities not only, but also help the law enforcement community to track and prevent possible crimes, and with the implementation of the county, state, and federal policing system, have arisen many positive attributes, one in particular is that policing agencies should model the same common goal.The prevention of crime and protection of life, to uphold and enforce the law, to combat public fear of crime, to promote community safety, to control traffic, to encourage respect for the law, and to protect the civil rights, and liberties of individuals (Heath & Terry, 2008). However; Costs associated with policing communities, educating police officers and keeping in line with the policing functions as depicted by Sir Robert Peel, are skyrocketing in the face of ever increasing criminal activity.To add to the decreasing structure of law enforcement, the lack of uniformity of leadership within these legal communities is a remarkable forfeiture in manpower development, and leadership continuity, which only serves to strengthen the criminal community. There are many varieties of police department operational functions that include: diversity in the hiring of the police officers as well as the type of training received.Many police agencies develop their own forum for training their officers in accordance with local policies. Unfortunately; not all police departments maneuver the same, and in most cases do not even operate under the same principles of policing or leadership development, thus the locale, state, and federal policing agencies have some policing similarity, but operate under completely diverse training, and operational standards, which account for operational mistakes, and unnecessary costs.One theory in relation to how some agencies are controlled is called the organizational theory, this theory argues that; a police officers’ conduct and deportment is shaped by his or her fellow officers and the culture of policing in that area. This can be true for all levels of law enforcement, and leadership at any regional setting. Some of these models are very rigid, and orderly, such as the quasi-military style model, where the organization functions much like a ilitary unit, such as the swat teams do, where battle dress uniforms are worn and military style tactics are employed for all training, this style of policing is more widely accepted at the local and state level of policing. During the authors tenure as a United States Marine, and acting in the capacity of a Military P olice Officer; training is based on military structure and much ridged, even when handling civilian personnel on or off base, the training was directive and demanded absolute aggressiveness, be it verbal or physical.There are also other less rigid programs of leadership such as the dominant style of policing model, the task force policing model, and the zero tolerance policing models (Walker & Katz). These models gravitate to a more civil capacity in handling personnel and civil issues and are more widely used by small town police forces or federal agencies. Just as people are different; so too are supervisory roles, mission statements and leaderships. Every policing organization has its common goals to adhere to such as, crime prevention, traffic, crime control, safety, and education, to name a few examples.The values and principles of policing are largely dictated by the area’s leading director, and the types of crimes that are associated with the local precinct. This uncan ny process of regional legal factors should serve to re-enforce, or to strengthen possible gaps in policing agencies, their logistics, training, and personnel issues through information sharing and innovative leadership, which is more commonly used and practiced nationwide. Organizational Similarities * With the aid of technology, and new law enforcement relationship’s established throughout the continental United States.Policing programs such as, the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) and several other American agencies have established joint partnering programs with local law enforcement agencies (Fact Sheet: The USA Patriot Act – A Proven Homeland Security Tool,  2005). * This new form of joint policing has been made possible in large part because of the 911 terror attacks, and the signing of the USA Patriot act, authorizing law enforcement agencies to share information across state lines.This policing program structure has brought a significant punch to the w orld of policing at the national and international crime fighting arenas. * Although the law enforcement community has had a financial boon with the passage of the USA Patriot act, budgetary and management issues continue to have an impact on the policing community at all levels of legal enforcements, and the other tiers of the criminal justice system are also feeling the manpower, and financial pinch. It is for this reason that training programs like that of the Law Enforcement-Private Security Consortium. (2009), have established literature to support the uniformity training standards from which all law enforcement agencies can retrieve training guides, ideas, support, and assistance in improving the programs in their community and in their fight to combat crime, and secure the peace within their region or policing level, be it local, state, or federal.This program handbook is available to every policing agency and is published by the department of justice to ensure a uniformity s tructure among all policing agencies. Although there is a distinct difference between the uniforms that local, state, and federal agencies wear, there is little distinction in the mission of each agency, which is to maintain civil compliance with local, state and federal laws and to ensure the safety of its citizenry, but the underlying fact is that all agencies operate differently in leadership and with different goals. Leadership Characteristics * The federal level of law enforcement, which for the most part operates on the same level as the lower level agencies is tasked with bringing higher levels of criminals to justice such as, interstate drug traffickers, human trafficking as well as serial killers, and internationally wanted criminals. This type of program requires more funding, intelligence gathering, better equipment, and resources as well as leadership, intellect, discipline, and experience.An officer at this level should be thoroughly equipped and supported by all other agencies within the judicial system. * The state and local level leadership programs should focus on internal issues and implement programs to support the federal level agencies and to learn from the programs, and leadership characteristics that enable national and international enforcement agencies to handle such varied criminal traffic. * Close The future of law enforcement at the local, state, and federal level will have to convert to a more strategic in environment for law enforcement organizations because of the overwhelming amount of cybercrimes, human smuggling, drug trade and increased egregious crimes against humanity that are emerging within the United States and other countries. Information sharing will becomes easier and strategic in combating all crimes for law enforcement agencies, and will be the spear head to eradicating potential crimes at local, state and federal agencies. As law enforcement organizations at the local, state and federal level learn to compare, adju st, and recalibrate leadership responsibility, connect with information sharing programs and learn to work in unison to facilitate a uniformity style leadership programs, criminals and their factions will eventually start to follow a systematic shut down. * This study reviewed the policing functions at the local, state, and federal levels.An analysis of the organizational management, administration, and operational functions of these three regional law enforcement agencies revealed how law enforcement agencies at all levels have the same mission yet carry it out it in varied ways. * A view of the leadership characteristics and responsibilities showed how agents at the federal level require more training, funds, equipment and communication with lower level programs to adequately accomplish the mission of national and global policing. * * * * * * ReferencesLaw Enforcement in the 21st Century, Second Edition, by Heath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry. Published by Allyn & Bacon. Copyright à ‚ © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. * Law Enforcement-Private Security Consortium. (2009). Trends and Practics in Law * Enforcement and Private Security Collaborations . : U. S. Department of Justice. Police crunch. com. (2012). Retrieved from http://policecrunch. com Walker, S. , & Katz, C. M. The Police In America: An Introduction (6th ed. ). New York, New York: McGraw Hill. *

Essay on Anthropocentrism

Environmental Ethics I believe that the most critical ecological issue today is population growth and the anthropocentric self-interest centered life-style that human beings engage in. The combination of these two human qualities is detrimental to the environment. The first reason I think this is because when we uphold anthropocentric ideals, we toss the environment to the curve, and as a result all of creation suffers. Second, I believe that when we live for exclusively our own self-interest, we only speed up the process of ecological destruction.If we shared our â€Å"stuff† and food with each other and the rest of the world, we could significantly reduce our impact. Third, I believe that even if we are ethical and environmentally conscious as individuals, it will not be enough. If one is sold on ecological salvation but still clings to individual self-interest, then they won’t have the ability to create serious and measurable change. The example of one farmer out of several deciding not to dump waste in a close by water reserve rings true to this idea.Community interaction and a removal of our attachment to our own private benefits is essential in working towards a better cleaner earth. As a result of anthropocentric justification dominating our society, exclusive selfishness and self-interest driven life styles, and our inability to truly make a positive impact as individuals, I believe that population growth seamed with selfish anthropocentric living are truly the most critical ecological issues we face today.

Electronic Devices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Electronic Devices - Essay Example First these devices are introduced and their symbols are presented. Then a historical paragraph is written which throws light on the evolution of modern Op-amplifiers. In the subsequent sections operating modes and two applications, i.e., over temperature sensing circuit and analog to digital convertor are presented. The report is concluded with the references used and a paragraph of conclusions drawn from this study. The term operational amplifier goes all the way back to about 1943 where this name was mentioned in a paper written by john linear R. Ragazzinni with the title â€Å"Analysis of problems inverting dynamics† and also covered the work of technical aid George A. it was 1947 that the operational amplifier concepts was originally advanced. The vary first series of modular solid state operational amplifier were introduce by Burr-Brown Research corporation and G.A Philbrick Researches Inc. in 1962. The op-amp has been a workhorse of linear systems ever since. A developm ental background of the op amp begins early in the twentieth century, starting with certain fundamental beginnings. Of these, there were two key inventions very early in the century. The first was not an amplifier, but a two-element vacuum-tube-based rectifier. The input stage is a differential amplifier. The differential amplifier used as an input stage provides differential inputs and a frequency response down to d.c. The first was not an amplifier, but a two-element vacuum-tube-based rectifier.

Human resources Case study analyze Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human resources analyze - Case Study Example Now it has often being seen that within this class to be involved with a conflict in normal life is quite a usual and regular job. So when people are coming from this level to any work place a little bit of behavioral effect will be reflected in the work environment also. As all these can affect the output of the company so the Human Resource department has to be very consciously and with lots of patience have to handle the situation. Each and every company has its own policy of how they want to set the rules and regulations regarding the performance assessment of any employee. But still it can happen that in some critical situation employees are to be judge on the basic of situational evidence and witnesses. Like in the situation of Jesse Stansky given in the case study. The complaint against him was he has been found as hitting one of his colleagues. Now this is a serious offence and this situation implies that he was trying to influence any other worked by force and fear. This kind of behavior is a serious offence for any organization. Though Jesse Stansky was working in that organization for many years and has contributed although not very remarkable but as an average employee. While judging this particular situation of Jesse Stansky along with the company policy, the employee handbook, and the labor agreement, the Human Resource department has to give emphasis about what other witness are saying about the situation. This is so because it is important to identify the reality of the situation and this can only be known if the description of the situation is been heard from other employee who was also present in that particular situation. In this particular case Jesse Stansky has been found in a situation with another technician named Gary Lindekin where Jesse was hitting Gary. And this has been observed by another technician who was present there. So for the Human Resource department it

The purpose of a college education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The purpose of a college education - Essay Example on acts as a supplier for vocational training and credentialing services), the purpose of college education is to advance economics’ skills and knowledge. In addition, knowledge is among the important things a student should achieve from college education. Students should have a feeling that, college education gives them something apart from a diploma or a degree-whether it means giving them a job offer, technical skills, or a greater understanding about the world. College education should also serve as a tool for preparing students for the new economy. College education should also aim at changing students in a form that portrays significant improvements in their lives (Conrad and Laura 34). This essay aims at outlining what students should be seeking when they enroll to pursue college education. Notably, public and private higher education institutions globally are facing unprecedented challenges due to the large number of issues including the value of degrees offered in a college, scrutiny over student completion and access, and student aid support. Generally, the main purpose of college education is to disseminate and create knowledge about the world and the students themselves (Conrad and Laura 34). It is also a purpose of college education to create a higher order communicative and cognitive skills in students, such as offering them the ability to reason and think logically. After completion of higher education, graduates should come out with other skills such as motivation to pose challenges on the status quo, as well as the capacity to create sophisticated values. However, the current society view colleges as a training ground where students join to advance their professional and vocational skills. This agenda often creates tension between these two notions: college e ducation is purposely for public good and college education is purposely for private good (Conrad and Laura 37). Due to this tension, universities and colleges have increasingly become

Regina foodbank Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Regina foodbank - Research Paper Example They provide invaluable training and health services, as well as education programs. Its vision is to create a hunger free community (Regina Food Bank N.P). To live a healthy lifestyle involves being able to access affordable and nutritious food. This is easily achieved by individuals with adequate family income. Families with financial difficulties usually forego money meant for food to take care of other expenses such as medications, utilities, rent and other household needs. Food insecurity does not have boundaries no matter which part of Canada one comes from but there those who are more vulnerable than others. They include those who do not own a home, and those with low income. The Regina Food Bank recognizes such individuals in their plans for a hunger free community. Researchers have shown that food insecurity has adverse effects physically or mentally on an individual. These effects include chronic health conditions like obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease. The mental effects are depression, stress and anxiety. Moreover, food insecurity negatively impacts on the children in the community. The early stages of a child development are crucial for a person, and in the advent of poor nutrition practices and food insecurity can lead impaired growth and development in the child which may be translated into poor health outcomes during their adulthood lives. Regina mission offers to avoid such problems and complications. Due to the rapid technological advancements the cost of living increases yearly and more people tend to be dependable on food banks. Regina Food Bank receives an increase in the clients it serves annually with majority of its recipients being children. Majority of its client’s primary source of income comes from social assistance. The majority of their clients’ monthly income is used for rental and food purposes which leaves little or no money for

The Matrix Film Review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Matrix Film - Movie Review Example After Neo is unplugged from the Matrix and joins the freed human rebels in the devastated human world, he comes to accept his fate of being the only one to end the war against the machines. The cast can only be described as superb and precise. Keanu Reeves portrays the lead protagonist Neo; Laurence Fishburne is in the noble role of Morpheus; Carrie-Anne Moss portrays Trinity, Neo’s love interest; and Hugo Weaving plays the role of Agent Smith, the main antagonist and rogue sentient computer program whose sole purpose is to prevent the rebellion from spreading or surviving. All of these actors portray their characters exceptionally well. Reeves is convincing as the antisocial, work-by-day-hack-by-night misfit who cannot escape the belief that there is something more to life. Fishburne and Moss are the epitomes of rebel leaders from their cool attitudes to their bold countenances. Weaving wove in seamlessly with the character of Agent Smith, completely owning Smith’s ser ious demeanor and distaste for the human race. The actors truly and thoroughly complement their characters. The Matrix successfully grabs its viewers in every aspect possible, beginning with the immediate jump into the story. Before the opening credits even finish rolling, Trinity is being hunted down by agents and a SWAT team. Within the first fifteen minutes of the film, Neo’s character is introduced, as well as his mission of finding Morpheus, and Trinity’s success at locating Neo to inform him that Morpheus has also been looking for him. As the first half of act one comes to a close, a huge chunk of the storyline has been revealed, leaving viewers hanging on for more. The movie does not leave them waiting for long as the story rushes into Neo’s capture by the agents. While it is a common practice in the film industry to let as many elements as possible harmonize the film, The Matrix goes above and beyond what is average. From costumes to framing and lighting effects, every element is consciously done to enhance the differences between the real world and the computer-generated Matrix, and to help viewers understand the challenges that Neo is facing. In regard to clothing, while in the Matrix, the costumes of the rebels are very futuristic in style, black and sleek; in the real world, the characters wear tattered, ill-fitting clothes. The costumes alone show the blunt dissimilarities between the Matrix and the real world. The Matrix is meant to be a utopia for humans, which, ironically, has caused the real world to crumble, leaving it in nothing short of complete ruins. The choice of framing, primarily the close-ups, allow viewers to become intimate with the characters. This holds especially true in regard to Neo, who is on the receiving end of most close-ups; his fear and uncertainty are evident as we watch him slowly come to accept the truth of the Matrix and the existence of human beings. The remaining close-ups are used to reveal con flict and hardship between the other characters, such as between Morpheus and Neo, Trinity and Neo, and Agent Smith and whichever rebel he is instigating at the time. Towards the end of the film, a medium close-up between Agent Smith and Morpheus, which is one of the greatest conflict-driven scenes of the film, clearly show the struggle that each character is facing in their attempt to free themselves of the Matrix. The choice of

Compare the rights of LGBTQ persons in the different traditions Research Paper

Compare the rights of LGBTQ persons in the different traditions - Research Paper Example ty become such a major issue with some even claiming it to be the most dangerous threat to Christian life and to the gospel, part of the cosmic battle that Satan is waging against the church? The interesting thing is that it need not be so central. It is quite clear that in the Bible homosexuality does not receive a lot of attention. In the Canada, Judaism and mainline Protestant faiths are usually seen as the most liberal, followed by Catholicism. Majority of Catholics are accepting towards LGBT but not their leaders. Catholic Church leaders still remain antagonistic towards it. Relative to other religious groups in Canada, conservative Protestants are typically seen as having the least accepting attitudes. In the media, articles and features concerning LGBT more often than not paint Christian institutions as discriminative towards LGBT. Cases of lawsuits against church institutions in response to discrimination are becoming frequent. There are also cases where teenage suicides are attributed to be caused by stigma experienced by homosexual teenagers in Christian schools. The Church maintains that they do this to keep in line with their faith which is intolerant toward any sexually deviant behaviour. In response to legal action, the Church maintains that this is discriminatory toward them. The issue that arises is that the discrimination that the Church reports is in response to laws that prevent them from discriminating against LGBT people. The Jewish Community, on the other hand, holds a different view. Among the Jewish community, sexual orientation is considered to be biological and not a choice hence the wide acceptance of LGBT. The Jewish community however, does not hold as much influence as the Christian faction and is therefore rarely featured in news articles. This is also in part due to the fact that it supports LGBT people. Despite this, there exist minor assemblies within the Jewish community who hold antagonistic views towards LGBT by the numbers are

Advocacy Grantmaking and civic organizations Essay

Advocacy Grantmaking and civic organizations - Essay Example Presently, thousands of advocacy, grant making and civic organizations have been formed primarily to serve the different groups and societies. In United States, these kinds of organizations exist in all states and are working with an aim of bettering the lives of the communities by openly addressing issues that afflict the people through service, civic engagements and independent actions. The organizations are diverse spanning the political field of ideas and entail all aspects of human interest including environmental conservation, homeless shelters advocates and day care centers (Center for Lobbying in the Public Interest, 2010). There are also organizations that address people’s concerns through sports and while others stands for the rights of particular groups in the society such as the rights of employees or a social group. Advocacy, grant making and civic organizations are collectively known as collectively known as nonprofits, not-for-profit sector, independent sector, third sector, philanthropic sector, social sector or the voluntary sector. The paper will explore different groups within the nonprofit sector and the issues they addressed. Moreover, it will assess the work environment in the industry (Center for Lobbying in the Public Interest, 2010). All the non-profit organizations are established to serve the interests of its members. However, all the organizations have varying goals which are used to categorize them. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics categorizes the non-profit industry into four segments: business, labor, professional, political and related organizations; social and civic organizations; social advocacy organizations and grant making and giving services. Business, professional, labor, political and allied organizations is the largest segment in the non-profit sector and offered approximately 423, 300 jobs in May 2004 as was

GMO's and their negative effects Research Paper

GMO's and their negative effects - Research Paper Example GMOs are unhealthy to human’s health because they are composed of toxic substances. This is so because when they are consumed, they leave behind substances that have long term effects on human health. For instance, genes added into GM soy can shift into the deoxyribonucleic acid of bacteria existing in us. This is proved when a GM com was detected in the blood of a pregnant woman and her unborn baby. Therefore, doctors are then urged doctors to give prescription of a non-Genetically Modified diets for all that are affected (Smith and Jeffrey, 2007. Numerous health problems have also increased after GMOs were brought in. The percentage of persons with more chronic illnesses jumped from 8% to 14% in just ten years. There has been a rise in food allergies, disorders like autism, reproductive disorders, and digestive problems. Though there is no enough research to affirm that Genetically Modified foods are a adding element, doctors groups have alerted people not to wait but to start protecting ourselves and more so our children who are at a much risk. GMOS also create allergy that affects boys and adults. This causes allergic reactions in humans that usually occur when a nontoxic protein gets into the body and causes an immune response. Whenever the new protein in a Genetically Modified food gets from a host that is known to bring allergies in humans or one that has never been taken in as human food, the certain that the protein could evoke an immune response in human being increases. Though no allergic reactions to Genetically Modified food by users have been affirmed, in vitro prove indicating that some GM results could bring an allergic reaction has prompted biotechnology parties to cease their exploitation. Getting a GM food into the market is a hectic and costly process. This means most companies run at a loss is they do not carefully take this into account. This may result in other negative effects such as unemployment to many

Slavery Essay Example for Free

Slavery Essay The way countries, nations or states act and base their policies on many times reflect what their past was like. This is very true in the case of Africa. The only problem is that Africa is said to have no history. This just means that Africa’s many cultures did not affect the way imperialists and other influences acted towards the huge continent. Everything was based on their interests and consequently this meant that the way of dealing with Africa in every way was based on Western traditionalists. To this we must answer the question how has the Western World affected Africa’s present stage and what must be done to undo what is wrong and hopefully correct this situation. Africa first played a role in Europe’s and the America’s history when the U. S. and Great Britain needed labor. They needed a lot of it and they needed it cheap. There was nothing cheaper than free labor. It would require an initial investment to African â€Å"leaders† but it paid off almost instantaneously. This is what we used to call slave trading. In around the 1860’s this became an illegal act. However, like any other crime, this trading could not be stopped entirely. British Naval ships were set up as blockades but sometimes Slaves were stored in spaces that were no higher than 12 inches so not all slave carrying boats could be stopped. In fact while the Navy stopped approximately 103,000 slaves from entering the slave force about 1. million entered it. Since this trade was illegal it was even more profitable than before. The slaves that were stopped from being shipped all the way west were being sent to Freetown, Sierra Leone and Monrovia, Liberia and they were called recaptives. These were towns set up by the British and some liberal Americans to send former slaves and recaptives back to their home continent.

Secularism In India | An Analysis

Secularism In India | An Analysis Secularism in India as Gandhi and Nehru saw it is distinctly different from the Western view of secularism. The Gandhi-Nehru secularism places the importance of the states neutrality between Indias many faiths. Indias independence eventually came as a result of Congress success in 1946 elections,  [1]  and as a result the emergent India embodied an idea of a political community that was brought together by modern notions such as individual rights, democracy, and citizenship irrespective of religious or other markers of ethnic identity.  [2]  The Congress party embraced a version of nationalism that promoted an inclusive and plural vision of the Indian state irrespective of religious or other identities. According to Amartya Sen, the roots of Indian secularism can be traced back to its long and diverse multi-faith history.  [3]  Indias constitution grants its citizens, individual as well as group rights.  [4]  As such, Indias secularism tends to emphasize the neutrality of the state in religious affairs as opposed to a strict separation of the state from religion. According to Sen, the first view requires the state to be equidistant with respect to all religions meaning that the state treatment of different religions and religious communities will be symmetrical. The second view requires that the state has absolutely no relationship with any religion.  [5]   For the purpose of this essay first we will look if as per the Constitution India is secular State and second how Hindu nationalism affects Indias secularism. Evolution of constitution Nehru initiated the process of constitution making with the eight point resolution for Independent India on December 13th, 1946. According to the resolution India was to be a union of the provinces and the princely states. The constitution guaranteed the upholding of equality, justice, and freedom to the people of India. Along with these the constitution had special provisions for the people from the scheduled class, backward and under-developed areas. The constitution of Independent India had many things in common with the Government of India Act 1935 except the incorporation of Universal Adult Franchise as article 326 in June 1949 which marked its major differentiation with the Government of India Act.  [6]   The Constitution did not contain the word secular till the 42nd Amendment in 1976, in Article 25(2)(b). Prof. K.T. Shah was the only member who made an effort to get a provision regarding the secular character of India included in the Constitution. The following amendment, moved as Amendment No.366, was defeated on 3rd December 1948.  [7]   The State in India being secular shall have no concern with any religion, creed or profession of faith; and shall observe an attitude of absolute neutrality in all matters relating to the religion of any class of its citizens or other persons in the Union. The following extract from the speech of Pandit Laxmi Kanth Maitra on 6th December 1948 quoted by Justice R. A. Jahagirdar can be said to reflect the consensus of the members: By (a) secular State, as I understand it, is meant that the State is not going to make any discrimination whatsoever on the ground of religion or community against any person professing any particular form of religious faith. This means in essence that no particular religion in the State will receive any State patronage whatsoever.  [8]   As the BJP Home Minister L.K. Advani is quoted by James Chiriyakandath to have said: The Constituent Assembly drew up a secular Constitution essentially because theocracy is alien to Indias history, tradition and culture. The concept of Sarva Panth Sammabhav (equal respect for all faiths) has always been regarded as an essential attribute of the state and statecraft of our country.  [9]   The non-discriminatory character of a secular State is undoubtedly imprinted on the Constitution. There is individual and collective freedom of religion the right to freely profess, practice and propagate religion. Every religious denomination has been given the fundamental right to establish and maintain its own institutions and to manage its own affairs in matters of religion (Art.25).  [10]   While Article 25 gives individuals complete autonomy with regard to practice and performance of religious rituals, Article 26 allows every religious group an equal opportunity to operate within the prescribed domain, which is defined by the law.  [11]   Equal treatment of all religious denominations requires that the state does not associate itself with a particular religion or recognise a particular religion as the majoritys religion which in Indias case is Hinduism, the constitution rather disassociates itself from it. Article 27 stipulates that no person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion. Article 28(1) says: No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds.  [12]   These articles indicate separation of state and religion. Moreover, the silence of Indian constitution over the provision of an official religion speaks the most about separation of state and religion. As Smith says, What the constitution does not say is just as important as what it does say. On citizenship, the Indian constitution recognises the people of India as the citizens where the state has nothing to do with their religion, faith, belief or caste and acclaims to treat all citizens equally. Article 15(1) ensures religion as not being a cause of discrimination. It states: The state shall not discriminate any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, and place of birth or any of them. Article 16(1) and (2) states: There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the state.  [13]   No citizen shall, on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or appointment under the state. The employment of the three clauses, individual and collective freedom of religion, separation of state and religion and citizenship in the Indian constitution excludes the role of religion in defining the relationship between the union and its citizens. Emergence of Hindu nationalism and role of Hindutva in Indian politics The Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) and the Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha had been in the Indian political arena since 1951 and 1915 respectively. It was the political and institutional context of Indian politics in the 1980s, and not Hindu nationalist ideology per se, that facilitated the emergence of the BJP.  [14]  For BJP Hindu nationalism equates Indian-ness with Hindutva (Hindu-ness)  [15]  as the threat that nationality is based on territory and not religion.. For this essay the impact of Hindu nationalism on Indias secularism is explained by assessing a) the Uniform Civil Code, b) the Ayodhya controversy and c) Article 370 of the Indian Constitution which gives Kashmir special status within the Indian union. We also look at d) the saffronization of education in India through a reinterpretation of Indian history by Hindu nationalists. According to Savarkar a true citizen of India is one for whom India is not just the matribhoomi (motherland) but also the punyabhoomi (sacred land).  [16]  These two notions are congruent for Hindus Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs whom they regard as the true citizens of India. According to this argument, Christians and Muslims pose a cultural threat to Indian (Hindu) culture since their punyabhoomi does not coincide with the territory of India. They can live in India so long as they do not assert their identities and conform to the larger Indian (Hindu) culture.  [17]   The Hindu nationalist agenda operates at multiple levels within Indian society. The BJP (and its predecessor, the BJS) serve as the political arm of Hindu nationalism. The RSS fulfils a militant and ideological role; the Bajrang Dal is an organization aimed at radicalizing Indias Hindu youth; the Vishwa Hindu Parishad works as a social and cultural body espousing Hindu nationalism (and even works with the radical elements within the Hindu diaspora); and the Vidya Bharti works as the educational arm of the RSS. Together, these and numerous similar organizations form what is known as the Sangh Parivar built around the RSS that aims to promote Hindu nationalism. In 1948 RSS was temporarily declared to be an unlawful organization and its activities were proscribed as a result of Mahatma Gandhis assassination by Nathuram Vinayak Godse, an RSS devotee. The Hindu Mahasabha, another political group of HIndutva escaped ban at this time but their activities were forbidden these groups were forced to maintain a lower profile. Since independence, Congress party dominated the Indian political scene until 1989. Congress partys hegemony began to gradually decrease after Nehrus death in 1964. Indira Gandhis imposition of emercy between 1975 and 1977 caused mass disillusionment with the Congress party across India. This ultimately led to the election of the first non-Congress party government in 1977, led by the Janata Party, a coalition of parties that included the BJS. Within this political context BJP formed in 1980 entered national politics in India. BJP tried an attempt to appear as a more moderate party and capture wider popular appeal which alienated the RSS, which in turn supported Rajiv Gandhi and the Congress party in the 1984 elections to demonstrate its displeasure.  [18]  As a result, the BJP returned to its Hindu nationalist ideological core. Use of religion by Indira Gandi in the state of Punjab to challenge the appeal of its regional rival, the Akali Dal, a Sikh religious party and later Raj iv Gandhis reversion of Supreme Court judgment that had granted alimony to Shah Bano  [19]  further assisted BJPs Hindutva cause rise. BJP used Congress partys decision to pacify the Muslim orthodoxy to argue that this step was contrary to the spirit and practice of Indian secularism as it privileged the sectarian interests of a particular religious community. In 1989 Rajiv Gandhi began his electoral campaign in Faizabad district, where the town of Ayodhya is located. There he promised to create a Ram Rajya (rule of Ram), again playing majoritarian politics. BJP started to openly criticise the Congress partys manipulation of religious symbols as pseudo-secularism. However, the Congress party lost the 1989 elections and the era of coalition and minority-led government of V. P. Singh which was supported by the BJP from the outside. In order to secure the support of the now mobilized lower castes, V. P. Singhs government put forth an affirmative action program the Mandal Commission that promised 27 percent of all government jobs and places in institutions of higher education.  [20]  In order to offset political split within the Hindu community, L. K. Advani launched a 10,000 kilometer-long rath yatra in 1990. He expected the twin pillars of Mandal and Masjid would ensure the rise of hindu nationalism rise in Indian politics. While the BJP was only able to win 7.4 percent of the popular vote in the 1984 general elections, its vote share increased to 21 percent in 1991.35 In 1996 the BJP formed a coalition government that only lasted 13 days, while the 1998 BJP-led coalition government, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), survived for a year. Finally, in 1999 the BJP-led NDA government formed the first non-Congress government that survived the full five-year term with Atal Bihari Vajpayee as its prime minister. Jaffrelot has shown that the Hindu nationalist movements strategies include both radical and moderate elements.  [21]  The BJPs radicalized, militant nature is demonstrated by the Babri Masjid demolition in 1992 and the Gujarat violence a decade later ensured the support of its core constituency and the RSS. In spite of their coalition with ideologically different parties, the BJP succeeded in promoting a Hindu nationalist version of Indian history by implementing changes to the National Curriculum Framework.  [22]  The specific policy issues that were crucial to the Hindu nationalist agenda were; Uniform Civil Code: In the late 1980s the controversy created by the Shah Bano case gave the BJP the ammunition to criticize the policies of the Congress party as catering to minority-ism and being pseudo-secular. This case is an example of this tension between individual and group/religious rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution.  [23]  The Indian state did not show the same zeal for reform in Muslim laws as it did while enacting the Hindu laws in 1955 and 1956. According to Articles 37 and 44 of the Indian Constitution, the establishment of a uniform civil code is a directive principle for the Indian state in making laws, even as it is not enforceable by any court.  [24]   BJP still remains committed to the implementation of a uniform (Hinduized) civil code. The Ayodhya Controversy: The destruction of the Babri Masjid at Ayodhya in 1992 and controversies surrounding this mosque had been around since the nineteenth century, this issue had remained dormant since Indias independence.  [25]  In the 1980s, the BJP used this issue as a political rallying point to unite the Hindu electorate irrespective of caste or language in an attempt to construct a Hindu vote.  [26]  As an electoral strategy the Ayodhya issue paid off. The BJP increased its vote share from 11.4 percent in 1989 to 21 percent in the 1991 general elections.  [27]  The construction of a Ram temple at the site of the destroyed mosque remains on the agenda of the Hindu nationalists. The Ayodhya controversy erupted again in February 2002. This attack had all the signs of a systematic and pre-meditated political violence on minority Muslims in which the state government was an active party. This led to the rise of Hindu nationalism supporters so much so that Narendra Mo di even campaigned on the Hindutva platform in the state elections in 2002 and won. The Hindu nationalists further threatened that Gujarat experience would serve as a laboratory to be replicated elsewhere in India.  [28]   According to Nussbaum, Hindu nationalism in general, and the Gujarat incident in particular, poses a serious threat to the survival of democracy in India.  [29]  However, the general outrage amongst the Indian public in other states led BJP to drop this issue from their 1999 NDA election manifesto try to replicate it in other Indian states. Article 370 and Kashmir: Article 370 of the Indian Constitution grants Kashmir special status within the Indian union. Kashmir is Indias only Muslim-majority state but enjoys special provisions such as restrictive land-ownership. Article 371 of the Indian Constitution allows the governments of certain states such as Nagaland and Mizoram in northeast India to legislate on the ownership and transfer of land in these regions, thereby restricting migrations of Indians from elsewhere in the country.  [30]  Indias Lakshadweep islands also enjoy a similar status as even Indian citizens require special permission to enter this restricted region.  [31]  However, it is only the Kashmir issue that is important to the Hindu nationalists given the complex history of its accession to the Indian union after independence.  [32]   Reinterpretation of History and Changes in the Educational Curriculum: In an attempt to show that India is the matribhoomi of all Hindus, the Hindu nationalist historians claim that the Vedic Sanskrit-speaking Indo-Aryan peoples were indigenous to India, thereby implying that no Indo-Aryan migration into the subcontinent ever occurred.  [33]  to show that all of Indias Hindus are the descendants of the original inhabitants of the subcontinent.  [34]  Islamic political dominance in the subcontinent has been reinterpreted by the Hindu nationalists to emphasize the more militant aspect of the rule of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and the exploitation of their Hindu subjects. Periods of Hindu-Muslim cultural syncretism and good governance of Akbar is absent from the Hindu nationalist narrative of this period of Indias history.  [35]  Furthermore, these revised textbooks have deleted references to the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi in 1948 by a member of the Hindu Mahasabha. T he textbooks blame Muslims for the partition of India.  [36]  Since the BJP has a long-term agenda to redefine Indian identity, they were not hesitant to use their power while in government to redefine Indias past with the intention to mould the future generations understanding of Indias history along their ideological lines. According to the twin tolerations argument, a broad range of religious-state relations are possible in a democracy.  [37]  BJPs single major success has been the communalization of Indian politics by changing the discourse on secularism. It has affected in two ways. First, in spite of the rise of Hindu nationalism, a standardization of Hinduism appears to be occurring for the first time in the religions history. Second, Indias lower castes are increasingly conforming to the religious and social norms of the upper castes as they climb the socio-economic ladder. This is resulting in further homogenization within Hindu society.  [38]   Is India a secular state? What is India and who is an Indian are simple questions that are extremely difficult to answer.  [39]  One should note that the territorial idea inevitably becomes part of all nation-states, but territory does not have to be the defining principle of national identity.  [40]  The constitution makers without mentioning the word secular wrote a secular constitution. Though the constitution does not define who or what is a Hindu, but it defines followers of Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism as Hindus for purposes of Hindu temple entry. Article 25 (2) (b) (Explanation II) states: the reference to Hindus shall be construed as including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Would this be to prevent the conversion of Dalits to Christianity or Islam, to reform Hinduism to make it palatable to the former untouchables? The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 applies to (a) any person who is a Hindu by religion in any of its forms and developments, including a Virashaiva, a Lingayat or follower of the Brahmo, Prarthana or Arya Samaj; (b) to any person who is a Buddhist, Jain or Sikh by religion, and (c) to any person domiciled in the territories who is not a Muslim, Christian, Parsi or Jew by religion.  [41]   In other words, legally there is no such thing as a Buddhist, Jain, or Sikh marriage, is this another attempt to deny other religions a distinctive identity and absorb them in the Hindu fold? Although freedom of religion is granted under the constitutions Article 25 (1), in 1982, when a few hundred Dalits embraced Islam in Meenakshipuram, Indira Gandhi characterized conversions as a threat to national security and the central government took measures to curb conversions. Is it not ironic that the Indian state is ready to deploy army to cleanse out Sikh insurgents from Golden Temple and Muslim rebels from Charar-i Sharif, but not protect Babri Mosque from the Hindu activists? Article 16 (2) of the constitution prohibits discrimination in public employment on religious grounds. Per Presidential orders of 1950 and 1956 the beneficiaries of Scheduled Castes reservation can only be Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhists but not Christians and Muslims. Predominantly Hindu army of Kashmir was absorbed in the national army in 1947; whereas Hyderabads largely Muslim army was disbanded, rendering nearly 20,000 jobless. Are Indian armys infantry regiments not still based on religion (Sikh regiments), or ethnicity (Gorkha) or caste (Rajput) or region (Garhwal) in which members of other faiths, ethnicities, and regions are barred? Are government school texts in Hindi and regional languages not saturated with signs, symbols idioms, phrases, and icons of Hinduism? Have the textbooks of history and social studies not been filled with gross distortions of Indian history of all eras, ancient, medieval and modern portraying Muslims and Christians to be the villains, traitors and foreigners? Based on the constitution and political practice including congress partys can we not say India is as secular as India can be No Less, No More.

Age Discrimination Against Elderly Workers Social Work Essay

Age Discrimination Against Elderly Workers Social Work Essay In this fact sheet, I will discuss about age discrimination against elderly workers in Singapore and go into how they are treated differently in the society in unemployment and employment state. This is to find out whether the young workers have an unfair advantage over elderly worker with respect to employment and salary prospect. The aspects that lead to the problem of age discrimination will also be covered in this paper. The government stance and public perceptions show on how to tackle the problem. There are many examples of prejudice and inequality in our society and in the world we live in. These prejudices can lead to discrimination and create fractures in society and situations where people are denied access to equal rights enjoyed by others. Discrimination against persons of a certain age group is one of the examples that should be focused on, where age was instanced as the top reason for discrimination with the percentage of 29%. Age Discrimination in Singapore Elderly workers are usually the one neglected and receive an unfair treatment in terms of employment. Employers can discriminate by age across several areas such as wages, promotions, hiring, firing and layoff and force retirement. The reason why I choose this particular community is that there is still strong discrimination against elderly worker. In fact, most of the elderly workers always face some difficulties in finding jobs which disadvantaged them in their social lives. Most job requirements prefer younger workers as they think older workers lack or energy, flexibility, or adaptability compared to younger worker and yet there is no any legal action takes from the government, against employers who discriminate. Moreover, the employers may think that elderly workers are unable to work on the Information Technology or may given the excuses of too slow in working progress and thus, using this as a reason to reject or sack them. The employers are also trying to use the reason of poor work performance although the main reason of firing the elderly worker is age discrimination. Implication of Age Discrimination Aging population is one of the problems that always concern in Singapore. As number of elderly people keeps increasing, the employment and unemployment issues might increase too. Thus, it has always been a sensitive issue when it comes to providing employment to people of different age. If the unemployment issue happens to the elderly people, they will start to feel inferior where they are unable to provide family income and future financial security. Thus, this might become a kind of burden towards their children or the government. The main problem faced by the elderly worker is the health and physical conditions. These are the obstacle that faced by the elderly worker when finding job. Problem faced by employed senior citizens Difficulties faced by senior citizens seeking work From the table above, we are able to know that there is a high percentage of foresee difficulties in job search with the average of 90% in the age of 55 and above. Moreover, there are some reasons that caused them in difficulties in job search which relates to their age, job available too physically and mentally demanding, under-qualified and working distance between home and company. The main reason of difficulties in seeking work is because of their age with the average of 85% in the age of 55 and above. Research Example The speech by Mr. Lim Boon Heng, Minister for Prime Ministers Office said that there was an issue mention about the difficulties in finding job. In spite of that, a common of complaint heard in the society is I want to work, I can work, but no one will hire me once they know my age. Or it will be the case that first to be interviewed the older worker but last to be hired. Inequality in Age Discrimination Elderly workers are more in danger to job loss and longer unemployment spells, although they have lower turnover and unemployment compared with their younger counterparts. This is where inequality occurs to elderly worker in society. In June 2009, the amount of employment in the average age of 40 (255,200) is greater than the age of 55 and above (150,700). This shows that the elderly people have the lower number in employment which disadvantages the elderly people when seeking job. Gross Monthly Income from Work The majority of the elderly who were employed in 2009 drew gross monthly income of less than $1,500 (33.8% for those between 65 and 69 years old and 44.2% for those 70 years old and above) falling into the $500-$900. Compared to the younger worker, the income for elderly worker is rather low. Government Stance and Public Perceptions The government works with NTUC and the Singapore National Employers Federation (SNEF) to set up a tripartite committee to go into discrimination problems, known as Tripartite Alliance for Fair Employment Practices (TAFEP). This committee has created with revised guidelines on non-discriminatory job advertisements and a number of public and private sector employers pledged to comply with the non-discriminatory practices. Beside government stance, employers should avoid age limit or age range in the job notice and making age an integral part of the application process. Training and development is also an important point to prevent discrimination against elderly worker where it encourages all employees to take the training opportunities. This training opportunity allows elderly worker manages to catch up the Information Technology. One of the suggestions to prevent the issue of age discrimination against elderly worker will be created a rule that certain number of elderly worker should employ in the company. This is to avoid the problems of inequality against elderly worker in the society. Thus, the number of employment in a company should be equally for both younger and elderly worker. Re-employment creates a win-win situation for employers and older employees in Singapore. Compare to raising the statutory retirement age, it offers greater flexibility. On the other hand, according to preliminary findings from 2009 survey by Ministry of Manpower, the vast majority of 92% of them were allowed to continue to work beyond the age of 62. 60% who were allowed to continue to work beyond 62 and 30% who were offered re-employment. These finding shows that they still value older worker. As Ralph B. Perry said Age should not have its face lifted, but it should rather teach the world to admire wrinkles as the etchings of experience and the firm line of character. Conclusion In conclusion, job discrimination against elderly worker in Singapore still exists and the government and public perceptions have been trying very hard to solve and prevent the issue of job discrimination against elderly worker. The job discrimination creates inequality in term of age group. This may cause social tension and threaten to Singapore aging population. The finding shows that there is noticeable age discrimination as the employment rate for older worker is not very high. However, there is still a finding that shows the employers do value older worker, this might not be a strong solution and unable to sustain in the future. In order to prevent or solve the problem of discrimination against elderly worker, Singaporeans should follow what the government stance and public perceptions that applied or suggested to the issue, where the solution given might workable in some ways.

Sophocles Antigone - Sophocles and Antigone :: Antigone essays

Sophocles and Antigone    Sophocles is an ancient Greek writer and philosopher, who wrote one of the greatest stories of all time Antigone.   Sophocles is also said to be one of the greatest minds in the ancient world. This paper talks about Antigone, achievements and times of Sophocles.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Sophocles was born about 496 BC at Colonus in Attica, near Athens and died 406 BC.   He lived in the most brilliant intellectual period of Athens.   Sophillus, his father, was a wealth Athenian citizen and gave him a sound education in music, gymnastics, and dancing.   He was well known as having a reputation for learning and esthetic taste.   He was well versed in Homer and the Greek lyric poets, and because of his industriousness he was known as the â€Å"Attic Bee† (Rexine 132).   â€Å"Do to his youthful beauty, he was chosen to lead the chorus in the Paen of Thanksgiving for the naval victory at Salamis in 480 BC.† (Rexine 132)      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Sophocles’ long life he several times held public office, partly do to his fame as a dramatist and his gentle qualities as a man.   â€Å"In 440 BC he was appointed one of the generals in the war which Pericles led against Samos, and in 413 BC.† (Magill, Kohler p# 1023)   He was also one of the ten commissioners appointed after the failure of the expedition to Sicily, to govern Athens.   Pericles once said to him â€Å"you know how to write poetry, but you certainly don’t know how to command an army† (Internet)      Ã‚  Ã‚   Sophocles first won first prize, in a competition with Aeschylus, on 468 BC at the age of twenty-eight.   During his career he never won less than second prize and gained first prize twenty times, more than any other Greek tragedian.   Sophocles wrote more than 120 tragedies, only a mear seven have survived.   â€Å"Plutarch tells us that there were three periods in Sophocles’s literary development: imitation of the grand style of Aeschylus, use of artificial and incisive style, and use of the best style and that which is most expressive of character.   It is only from the third period we have examples of.†Ã‚   (Rexine p#134)      Ã‚  Ã‚   The seven tragedies that survive are Ajax 447 BC, Antigone 442/441 BC, Oedipus at Colonus 401 BC, Tracheniae 437-432 BC, Oedipus Rex 429 BC, Electra 418-414 BC.

Individuation in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Sir Gawain G

Individuation in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain is, undoubtably, the most varied of the Arthurian characters: from his first minor appearance as Gwalchmei in the Welsh tales to his usually side-line participation in the modern retelling of the tales, no other character has gone from such exalted heights (being regarded as a paragon of virtue) to such dismal depths (being reduced to a borderline rapist, murderer, and uncouth bore), as he. This degree of metamorphosis in character, however, has allowed for a staggering number of different approaches and studies in Gawain. The greatest part of these studies have involved the middle-English text Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Extensive work has been done on this alliterative four-part poem written by an anonymous contemporary of Chaucer: feminists have attacked his diatribe against women at the end, or analyzed the interaction between Gawain and the women of Bercilak’s court; those of the D. W. Robertson school seek the inevitable biblical allusions and allegory concealed within the medieval text; Formalists and philologists find endless enjoyment in discovering the exact meaning of certain ambiguous and archaic words within the story. Another approach that yields interesting, if somewhat dated, results, is a Psychological or Archetypal analysis of the poem. By casting the Green Knight in the role of the Jungian Shadow, Sir Gawain’s adventure to the Green Chapel becomes a journey of self-discovery and a quest - a not entirely successful one - for personal individuation. The Jungian process of individuation involves â€Å". . . a psychological growing up, the process of discovering those aspects of one’s self that make one an individual differe... ... until he does complete his quest of individuation, he shall never be nor feel whole. Works Cited and Consulted Anonymous, â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, eds. Abrams, et al. (New York: Norton, 1993), 200. Carl Gustav Jung, â€Å"The Principle Archetypes† in The Critical Tradition: Classic Texts and Contemporary Trends, ed. David H. Richter (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989), 666. Guerin, Wilfred L., et al., eds. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. Toronto: Oxford UP, 1992. Lacy, Norris J. and Geoffrey Ashe. The Arthurian Handbook. New York: Garland Publishing, 1988. Stephen Manning, â€Å"A Psychological Interpretation of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† in Critical Studies of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, eds. Donald R. Howard and Christian Zacher (Notre Dame: Notre Dame UP, 1968), 279. Individuation in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Sir Gawain G Individuation in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain is, undoubtably, the most varied of the Arthurian characters: from his first minor appearance as Gwalchmei in the Welsh tales to his usually side-line participation in the modern retelling of the tales, no other character has gone from such exalted heights (being regarded as a paragon of virtue) to such dismal depths (being reduced to a borderline rapist, murderer, and uncouth bore), as he. This degree of metamorphosis in character, however, has allowed for a staggering number of different approaches and studies in Gawain. The greatest part of these studies have involved the middle-English text Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Extensive work has been done on this alliterative four-part poem written by an anonymous contemporary of Chaucer: feminists have attacked his diatribe against women at the end, or analyzed the interaction between Gawain and the women of Bercilak’s court; those of the D. W. Robertson school seek the inevitable biblical allusions and allegory concealed within the medieval text; Formalists and philologists find endless enjoyment in discovering the exact meaning of certain ambiguous and archaic words within the story. Another approach that yields interesting, if somewhat dated, results, is a Psychological or Archetypal analysis of the poem. By casting the Green Knight in the role of the Jungian Shadow, Sir Gawain’s adventure to the Green Chapel becomes a journey of self-discovery and a quest - a not entirely successful one - for personal individuation. The Jungian process of individuation involves â€Å". . . a psychological growing up, the process of discovering those aspects of one’s self that make one an individual differe... ... until he does complete his quest of individuation, he shall never be nor feel whole. Works Cited and Consulted Anonymous, â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, eds. Abrams, et al. (New York: Norton, 1993), 200. Carl Gustav Jung, â€Å"The Principle Archetypes† in The Critical Tradition: Classic Texts and Contemporary Trends, ed. David H. Richter (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989), 666. Guerin, Wilfred L., et al., eds. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. Toronto: Oxford UP, 1992. Lacy, Norris J. and Geoffrey Ashe. The Arthurian Handbook. New York: Garland Publishing, 1988. Stephen Manning, â€Å"A Psychological Interpretation of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† in Critical Studies of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, eds. Donald R. Howard and Christian Zacher (Notre Dame: Notre Dame UP, 1968), 279.

Scavengers and Nothing’s Changed. Two very different poems, written by :: English Literature

Scavengers and Nothing’s Changed. Two very different poems, written by two very different poets, both of whom write with regards to their own cultures, backgrounds and places of origin SCAVENGERS and NOTHING’S CHANGED Scavengers and Nothing’s Changed. Two very different poems, written by two very different poets, both of whom write with regards to their own cultures, backgrounds and places of origin – all of which are very different. What could these two poems have in common. Ostensibly, nothing. Scavengers is simply about the social divide between the upper and working classes, whilst Nothing’s Changed tells of a young man’s anger at being discriminated because of his colour. But after even the most shallow disection it is easy to see the connection between these two poems. Nothing’s Changed’s angry young man is obviously a victim of other peoples racial prejudice, but the two bin men of Scavengers are also victims of prejudice, looked down upon by the middle and upper classes because of their job, their financial situation, their parents. There’s your first shared theme. Then you got the second: hypocrisy. The hypocrisy theme runs strong in both poems. In Nothing’s Changed it’s that this poem takes place after a law had been passed against racial discrimination. Laws change. Attitudes don’t. There may not be a sign on the door denying the young boy entry, for it is an unwritten law that he is rebelling against. He is rebelling against the attitudes of the people inside the resturant. With Scavengers it is the entire American Dream that is called into question and shown up to be what it is: a lie. The American Dream is that anyone, no matter the class, creed or connections, can do anything, be anything. A person born into poverty and raised on the streets can rise to be president. All it takes is hard work, and you can be whoever you want to be. Which is, of course, a lie. The current president of the United States is a straight C student. In this country, he might have scraped into Sixth Form by the skin of his teeth. He might have got to be a office desk jockey for a paper merchant. But in the US, he’s the son of a former president, argo – he’s president. Of course, blood has nothing to do with it *please read with dripping sarcasm in mind*. The poem is quite clear in it’s message: The American Dream Is a Lie! Great Hemocracy? Great Hipocrisy. There’s another thing that connects the two poems. It’s the idea that many people in these unfortunate positions often hinder any sort of

Of Mice and Me Essay

Of mice and men is a Film about life in a ranch, well done, with a low budget but with a lot of creativity. The directors are Gary Since and Horton Foot, Since plays an important part in the film as George. The other main actors are John Malcovich as Lenny and Sherlin Flynn as Curley’s wife. Very good actors and know how to interpret each characters. Curley’s wife has a very low profile in comparison with the book. Well the film starts when they escape from weed because they think Lenny raped a girl. They go to a ranch to work. There is a guy named Curly who hates big guys like Lenny, he has a wife who likes to flirt with men at the ranch. Curly has a fight with Lenny and Lenny breaks Curley’s hand. They say he caught it in a machine. Gorge and Lenny tell Candy about their dream and they decide to do it together. Lenny is playing with a pup and he realizes its dead, suddenly Curley’s wife gets in they start talking and she says to him to touch her hare. He dose it so hard she starts to scream and Lenny gets nervous and he ends up killing her. He runs away. Candy tells the guys and they go and look for Lenny. Gorge arrives first and while he is telling him their dream he kills him. The part of Lenny its grate. The actor was perfectly chosen in the physical part and its interpretation as Lenny it’s just like I imagined in the book. The part of George was good but not perfect. In the book talks a lot and has a very tight relationship with slim and he treats Lenny very badly in the film he is more quiet and more gentile with Lenny. I personally did not like Curley’s wife. In the book they describe her like a tart. She likes to where fancy dresses and feathers. In the film she is more reserved and less flirty. The music and lights play a major part in the film. For example the sins in the bunk house are always dark, with very little light in the middle of the bunk house. A very good example of music it’s when George is running to the pool at the ending they put nervous music because George its nervous, that makes a big effect in the audience. The novel is a protest novel with deep content but in the feel this is not so clear. The film could represent these themes in a better way if Curley’s wife was more of a tart or if crooks part was the same as in the book, longer and expressing more resentment feelings. I would recommend this film only for people who read the book because it helps to understand many aspects but for people who did not red it could be very slow and boring. This film it’s good only as a complement of the book. It’s good to rescue the actuation of John Malcovich who did a brilliant part and the good music and light effects.

Cafs Notes Groups

Community and Family Studies| Groups in Context | HSC Core Topic| tien [Pick the date] | Identifying groups with specific needs * Identify special characteristics of each group in order to justify why each should be considered a unique entity * Describe people who belong to different groups within society by: * Identifying the needs of the people in these groups * Evaluating the access of these groups in resources GAY AND LESBIANE -Sexual orientation towards same sex -Need more acceptance and support because they feel isolated -Health needs of HIV/AIDS Discriminated against -Socially isolated -Low self esteem -Poor identity and self image NEEDS Access to Services -Health support that promotes sexual protection, physical and mental health: AIDS Council of NSW (ACON) -media that informs about gay-friendly events and services: Sydney Star Observer Gay and Lesbiane Rights Lobby Group is a support group that helps them access resources equitably, fights for their rights and anti-discrimin ation Twenty10: social organisation for them to raise self-esteem and network with others, and cope with societys stereotypical attitudes.Targets the youth. -Need education about sexuality & safe sex. Hard to access this. -Have to educate public about them to reduce homophobia. -Employment: need protection from discrimination, the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 Financial Support: don't become parents so generally have better socio-economic status. Law still recognises them as a couple so they stil get the same certain legal rights financially. Health: -need education about sexual health to avoid getting HIV/AIDS.Fear of underaged gay sex (under 18) limits their access to medical attention, -Problems of substance and alcohol abuse, higher suicide rates, depression due to rejection and discrimination -Need to find safe housing in area without discrimination & harassment. -Need safety and security without gay hate, emotional or physical violence. People's homophobic attitudes damages sel f-esteem and sense of self worth. E. g. religions that promote gay hate. Gays feel rejected from church communities. Need to adjust to their sexual sense of identity. -Can feel isolate because it's different. -Cultural and bias perception of gay culture can make them self-reject or homophobic. Confused, in denial and despair. Understanding from people is important. FACTORS Age: young people might not know resources available. So they get confused, lonely, frustrated. Very scared of rejection, so they keep it a secret and completely limits their access to resources. Young people facing discrimination and bullying at school can complain to the Anti-Discrimination Board, or is facing discrimination from the school they can report to Department of Education and Training -Most disability services only deal with disability, except for the Rainbow Support Group thats gives support to developmental disabled who are gay. Education about their sexuality, support groups, safe sex practuces enh ance the access to services and wellbeing.Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) gives help and info to keep family and friends close to their homosexual people. Ethnic and cultural beliefs limits their access to services if their religion doesn't accept homosexuality, they feel ashamed. Have to hide it. Beit el Hob is a Middle Eastern gay support group. Gender: gay males have more obvious stereotypical characteristics and suffer more discrimination. Limits access to services and makes them need it more, especially medicaly if they get gay-hatred fueled violence.Females are getting more socially accepted, aren't as obvious so get more access to services. Location: services mostly in city, rural gays find it harder. Still able to access over phone/internet. -More scared of inexperienced or homophobic health care professionals, limits access to health services. Also not comfortable comming out to them. Socio-economic status: more financial support so more access to resources and services. AGED -ABS says 65+ -National Senoirs association says 50+ -increased population and expectancy life expectancy: 76 for men and 82 for women -give wisdom and experience to society with employment and raising kids -retire=more leisure time -less income, rely on gov benefits, super and savings -more vulnerable to illness nd disability -most live at home, some need support eg HAAC -get lonely as people die -less mobile and more frail NEEDS: Access to services: -need more family and government support due to decrease health and mobility -need health services that still keep their independence -eg GPs, hospitals, breast scans, public transport Assistance services: Home Care, Catholic Care of the Aged, Home and Community Care, Meals on Wheels, family, community nurses -reluctance to rely on services because they don't want to admit their age/health, lack knowledge, physical problems, high price, think its family's responsiblity. Education: -important to keep up with technolo gy sklls because they weren't raised up with it for communication, information and access to services and goods -e. g. computers and internet -might want to learn new leisure activity -ask a friend/family for assistance meets intellectual needs, increase social and self-esteem wellbeing -may need training at work for technology and skills to maintain their employability Employment: -most are retired or part time working only due to health/choice -so they lose job satisfaction, money, social contacts, routin and responsibility -changes self esteem and sense of identity because they have smaller role in society -new technology makes it harder for them to get a job -a lot do volunteer work or child minding Health: -more risk of bad health and medical issues -need affordable and accessible health care and medication spend more on medical, so higher socio-economic status = better health -decrease bone density and muslce mass, prone to falls, heart disease and cancer, chronic illness can lead to impairment eg asthma/athriritis, diabetes, vision and hearing impairment , depression, dementia -hard to complete daily tasks -often need nursing home care Housing: -most (90%) stay at home -may need rearrangements at home & $$ for this -assistance such as HAAC is a home service that does things like add handrails in toilets, add building ramps federal funding, respite care, delivered meals, home nursing, home maintenance, Meals on Wheels -might need a carer if they can't afford full time help they can live with relatives, grannly flat, smaller house, retirement village, nursing home -informal support is decline because more women go to work instead of staying at home, increased divorced rate, children move far from home -retirement homes provide socialisation through leisure eg swimming pool and stimulation -nursing homes provide meals, ersonal and miedcal if there really disabled/frail -respite care for family members Security & Safety: -emotional needs, need to keep in to uch with friends & family -physical: adequate housing and good health can due vulnerable because their frail and lonely, esp. in public. Often targets of thefts, assaults, scams -get isolated as their friends die and family move away Self-esteem -need to be healthy, working, independent to maintain high self-esteem. have to feel useful through involvement in voluntary work,hobby, part time work, socialising -Dependent, retired, health problems = low self-esteem Sense of identity -dead spouse, living alone, not close to family, friends = no sense of belonging Financial Support superannuation is compulsory since july 1992 -wage if still working -centrelink benefits: Age Pension/Newstart Allowance for mature people (50+), Pharmaceutical Allowanc, -Pensioner Concession Card, Health Care Card, commonweath senoirs health card (cheaper doctors, speialists, chemists), Rent Assistance FACTORS Age: -determines their superannuation, pensions and drivers license test -changes peoples attitudes, eg harder for older people to find employment if employee thinks they won't stay for longDisability: -increases with age, eg arthritis -some can get the Disability Support Pension/Mobility Parking Scheme -can get community transport Education: -if they learn how to use technology it increases their access to more goods, sserivces and information -eg Federal Government's senoirs website gives supportive resources -to get info on new driving regulations eg roundabout rules to pass driving test and keep their license -about health issues Gender: women better at maintaing friendships -men get lonelier when their partner dies -women have longer life expectancy, more aged women Location: -have more access to health, education, government departments in urban area then rural -rural aged have closer family ties Socio-economic status -big impact on wellbeing -high status=private health insurance, money for entertainment and travel -low status=can't afford car, public hospital waiting list f or non-elective surgery Homeless People â€Å"without a conventional home & who lack most of the economic & social supports that a home normally affords† * Legal definition: inadequate access to safe and secure housing * Stopped getting support from family/friends, so don’t feel belonging with people or community * Might have financial debt, not enough money for housing, drug or alcohol problems, no jobs or place in society, socially isolated, domestic violence is the biggest cause of their homelessness esp. or women, family breakdown for young people * Physical, mental and health and wellbeing problems Needs ACCESS TO SERVICES: * Can’t access the services available if they can’t read (eg centrelink); they need help finding and accessing services * it’s already too full or the service doesn’t have enough resources to meet demands, eg Wedley Mission * Biggest need is crisis accommodation * Government gives: Supported Accommodation Assistance program: gov gives money to agencies for refuges and shelters * National Homelessness Strategy: prevents and supports homeless people * St Vincent de Paul: biggest charity organisation, runs Matthew Talbot Hostel for homeless men EDUCATION * They need it to know about services they can access, and to confidently access them * Need education that fosters independence and self-esteem * Usually low self-esteem, lack of resources, no sense of belonging, poor utrition= bad concentration, lack of economic resources; makes it hard to get education * Need to learn how manage resources, decision-making and problem solving * Student welfare services: targets youth at school in need to prevent homelessness * Homeless might be educated but are homeless because of things they can’t control, eg family/money * Job Placement, Employment & Training programs helps youth with education and work EMPLOYMENT * Unemployment causes homelessness * Most use Supported Accommodation Assistance program * Why they can’t find employment: Low self esteem * Poor health * Lack of social support * Poor education * Lack of suitable skills and knowledge * Might have very low paying jobs * They need equitable access to training for skills * Community organisations need more money to train them * Young homeless people need education, employment training and transport close t to their homes * Government should offer subsidies to employers so they hire homeless people * They need a case manager if they are employed to make sure they stay employed FINANCIAL SUPPORT * Needed for basic needs; food, clothing, shelter Centrelink Community Officers go around to help homeless apply for Centrelink benefits eg Youth Allowance, aged, Disability, Unemployment Benefits * Can’t get centrelink if they don’t have a fixed address * Welfare organisations funded by Emergency Relief Programs: * – Smith Family * St Vincent de Paul * Salvos * Lifeline * Drug & alcohol addicts spent thei r money of their addictions; refuse help because their running away from their bad past and don’t want to be found HEALTH * High health needs because they have more problems Mental disorders; malnutrition; drug/alcohol abuse; sexual health problems- both consequence and result * Gets heaps of health problems: frostbite, leg ulcers, depression, self-hatred, self-harm * Women are more vulnerable to violence and sexual assault * STDs etc if do sex work for survival * Neglected need under food, housing, work * Only get help when in crisis * Need health care that is free, flexible, holistic, non-discriminating, bulk bills, walk-in appointments * Need counselling to deal with their emotional trauma Need mental health services to be improved, more accessible, less waiting time; need access to drug and alcohol rehab services, more rural healthcare HOUSING * Don’t have enough money to live in a safe environment * Department of Public Housing-Homelessness Action Team * Need emer gency crisis accommodation * Supported Accommodation Assistance program * Commonwealth or State Housing Agreement * Rental Assistance; and help through Mission Australia * Housing has be available, adequate, appropriate, emergency and short-term, and permanent too.Has to meet their needs; works with education, employment, health services SECURITY & SAFETY * There not safe on the streets, alleyways, parks, etc * Temporary accommodation so they have no sense of belonging or security * Commonwealth Department of Family & Community Services- Reconnect Program: helps young homeless people reconcile with family, improve education and skills * Partnerships Against Domestic Violence Strategy gives money to stop domestic violence to there’s less people living in abusive environments, which is a major cause of homelessness SELF-ESTEEM They have low self-esteem from family breakdown, abuse, assault, lack of education, mental illness, poverty * Poor view of future * Seem aggressive or ho stile because of their bad experiences and lack of communication skills * Need to feel belonging to the community SENSE OF IDENTITY * Their low self-esteem, unemployment, low/no income, homeless stigma poor sense of identity * Don’t have a proper home so no strong identity * Can’t get Centrelink Access to resources AGE * Some people are too young to access services; eg some only accept people 12+ * Centrelink payments can be age based Affects what they know and experienced; eg old person knows support services but doesn’t access it because of past bad experiences * Most homeless youth have mental illness so don’t access resources, and there’s a lot so less resources DISABILITY * Disabled people can get Disability pensions * Not mobile; so can’t physically access resources * Harder to communicate and access resources * But it depends on the type of disability and how much it affects them EDUCATION * Education helps to find and access resource s Poor literacy skills = can’t access resources eg Centrelink * Can get referred to resources through school if their young * Education increases employment so less likely they’ll be homeless ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Language barrier * Need support staff that speaks other languages or are culturally sensitive * A lot of non-English speaking and Indigenous homeless people GENDER * Gender specific services; Matthew Talbot House, Catherine McAuley House, women’s refuges * Females look for help more, but more likely to have hildren so need more * Women tend to escape domestic violence * Men have more jobs available so easier to access to financial resources LOCATION * Urban areas have more resources than rural * They move place to place; No permanent address = no centrelink SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS * They have little or no money * No money = hard to get resources * Don’t get centrelink if they don’t have a fixed address * Poor people tend to live in areas wher e it’s hard to find a job Rural Families * Live far from suburbs and capital cities * Agricultural industry Small close knit communities * Not as much contact with others * Supportive families * Low population density NEEDS ACCESS TO SERVICES * Hard to get services at rural towns so they have to travel to bigger towns * Internet is important in getting services such as banking, but they have to know how to use technology * Centrelink assistance through rural call centres, theres rural officers so they don’t have to go all the way to the office * Have to travel far for medical facilities, sporting venues, shopping centres * Cost more money and time, reorganise scedules Expensive rural services because of the delivery * Disabled or ill people have harder access to facilities and support networks * Different ethnic backgrounds have less support networks, eg worship or help with literacy * Young people = less casual work if their at school, so less financial independence a nd resources * Old people = have work skills but increased mobility means harder to travel to access resources EDUCATION Usually have one big school for K-12 or one small public school, limited subject choice and teachers have to teach more * Rural students might need educational resources from far schools or school of the air, boarding school * Ned access to computer and facsimile technology long distant or school of the air, financial resources needed for boarding school * Assistance for Isolated Children scheme designed by Department of Education * Training and Youth Affairs program from Centrelink = helps students who can’t go to government school everyday cause it’s too far; gives allowance without a mans test * Boarding Allowance but have to pass the Parental Income test EMPLOYMENT Limited to work on farms and properties, or trade in the town, seasonal work like fruit picking but no security * Females have less career choice but can still do farming property * Mo st youth have to leave rural rown for further education FINANCIAL SUPPORT * Rural towns are dominated by one industry, so there’s no predictable income, and there can be rapid financial downturns; eg if the harvest doesn’t do well that year then there’s payments from Centrelink eg Flood Assistance Package * Rural people can get: * Remote Area Allowance * Crisis Payment * Diaster Relief Payment * Exceptional Circumstances Relief Payment HEALTH * Severe doctor shortage * Neglected because there’s only a few specialist facilities, ill or disabled have to travel far for health services * Less support networks for disabled or chronically ill Less bulk billing so it’s harder for socio-economically disadvantaged to get medical attention * Government scheme to encourage young doctors to move out of urban areas into rural areas, rural doctors get full Medicare Rebate which means the patient gets more rebate, so more doctors can bulk bill HOUSING * Lower cos t of living but spend more on travel * Can feel isolated at home * Need resources like communication, entertainment eg computer, internet, mobile phones, cable pay television SECURITY AND SAFETY * More physical security because of close knit community * Feel threatened from travellers * Financially insecure cause stress and worry if in debt * Need financial assistance and emotional assistance, counselling and informal support SELF-ESTEEM Feel helpless if there’s natural disasters impacting their work and income * Can feel like a failure if there work fails * Can rely on family, friends, banks, government = low self-esteem and self worth * Need emotional support and new work so they don’t give up and can still provide for family * The Farm Help – Supporting Families Through Change program gives them access to payments, financial counselling, grants; lets farmers meet their physical needs for family and emotionally by increasing self-esteem and security SENSE OF I DENTITY * Farmers used to be well off but now the weathers unpredictable and commodity prices are lower, their future can be uncertain * Rural areas are seen as for farming and mining Tourism creates a new sense of identity for these areas Factors affecting access to resources for rural families AGE * Not a barrier for farming & work, young and old can do it * Teenagers have limited access to social or sporting commitments, special resources, but most leave after high school so the average age of farmer is increasing * so older farmers have less mobility making it harder to maintain their farm DISABILITY * disabled people have extra limits to resources eg support groups, services, recreation, shopping * hard to transport; no community bus * hard to fix equipment, get new supplies * almost no respite care facilities in rural areas, limited community houses and shelters workshops EDUCATION Very limited, eg only teaches up to year 10 so parents have the send children off to boarding sc hool * Boarding School Allowance from Centrelink helps * Open Training and Education Network (OTEN) courses through Distant Education * There’s a lot technology; video conferencing, online courses that had subjects that their school might not * Tertiary education students usually have to leave home * If they stay and work on a property they have to educated in things like retail hospitality, health ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Ethnic people have difficulty fitting in because of their language and finding information support, hard to find their food as well GENDER * Gender impacts what jobs they have Country Women’s Association looks after welfare of women and their family, in both country and city by lobbying to gov, fundraise and teach life skills * Traditional role is men are farmers and women look after children, but it’s chaning and there’s more jobs for women LOCATION * Biggest factor, limits their access to special services in health and education * So they have to travel more for school, recreational supports SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS * High = more opportunities in education, mobility, lifestyle (can afford books, travel, entertainment) * Low = rely on government, less health advantages Disabled * Restricted or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within range considered normal for a human being * Eg difficulty in sight, speaking, hearing, moving, etc * Different types and extents of disability * Physical/intellectual disadvantage * Need a carer for help with everyday activitiesTYPES OF DISABILTIES IS PIPS: PHYSICAL INTELLECTUAL PYSCHOLOGICAL SENSORY (HEARING/VISUALLY IMPAIRED) NEEDS ACCESS TO SERVICES * A lot of services that they don’t access because * Don’t know about the services or know that they have a disability * Can’t get to it because of disability * It’s not free * Judgement that their intellectually disabled as well; community ignorance * Government, community organisations have t o work together: * NSW Down’s Syndrome Association * Royal Blind Society * Deaf Society of NSW * The House With No Steps * Life Without Barriers * The Spastic Centre * Disability Information Service * People with Disabilities NSW Life Activities and Mission Australia: helps them live independently in the community, effective communication, planning, goal settling, how to do day-to-day activities * National Council for Sport and Recreation for the Disabled: helps them interact and participate in recreation and leisure activities * Government’s Disability Policy Framework: makes sure disabled people can still access services for normal people * Illegal to discriminate against disabled people * Schools can have language interpreter for hearing-impaired student EMPLOYMENT * Government made the Commonwealth Disability Services Act 1986 so more disabled people can work especially in labour. Achieves it through job search, job placement, individual job training and support, d isability employment services * Post School Options program is from NSW government forces disabled people to have the same job opportunities as a normal person if they are both able to do it, eg pick up a phone * Need the employers o know that their not fully disabled, and gov offer subsidies and support for their education and training * Disabled people might need changes in work premises, equipment, schedules and training but can still do a good job FINANCIAL SUPPORT * Can support themselves through work * Others need extra support or full support from someone else or agency * Centrelink gives it for disabled and carer of disabled, Disability Support Pension for people with physical intellectual, psychiatric impairment so they can’t work * Carer Payments * Still need their independence, so it helps them with their medical expenses, special equipment and changes to be independent HEALTH * Disability usually comes from disease, disorder or injury * health needs depends on the ir disability some have to be in hospital, nursing homes, etc for to be cared for * household disabled need help moving around from friends, family, partner * carer gets strained HOUSING * have the change their house * Department of Housing builds or refurbishes home so they can live there * Home and Community Care gives home nursing, delivered meals, home help, transport, shopping, paramedical services, advice and assistance * Illegal for real estate to discriminate; eg guard dog must be allowed for the blind SECURITY AND SAFETY * Financial assistance = they can meet their basic needs * Emotional support from informal support * Have to feel belonging to community and safe; so there’s disabled car parks, ramps at shops, disabled seats on transport SELF-ESTEEM Feel different; so low self-esteem * Need love, care and encouragement * Need a positive attitude SENSE OF IDENTITY * Some always need care so no sense of id. * Others are independent and have their own identity * Disabl ed kids shouldn’t get pities and over protective FACTORS AFFECTING ACCESS TO RESOURCES FOR THE DISABLED AGE * Age makes the disability worse * Age is carer; too old to work DISABLITY * Formal resources helps eg Disability Support Pension, Mobility Parking Scheme sticker, Mobility Allowance = lets disabled use taxis to work or to training programs * Learning support at schools and special schools for very disabled * Special Olympics of Paralympics Crossways: spiritual support EDUCATION * Education helps their disability to manage it * Intellectually disabled can use internet and mobile phone to get access to information, enhance communication especially if they don’t leave the house * Important to learn about their health issues and what support groups are out there for them * Disabled youth get more assistance at school and in tafe with special teachers/classrooms ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Limits their access to formal services eg health resources and also friendships * Hand ital NSW is a community facility for people from ethnic background, disabled Italians and there carers through programs GENDER Disabled men more likely from motor vehicle or occupational inkury * Disabled women less education, earn less money, more likely to be institutionalised and vulnerable to violence LOCATION * Urban areas have more access to resources and the rural disabled have to travel more for it, eg health, education, support groups, government departments SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS * Less money because they rely on government, limits access to private health insurance, leisure activities, and have to be on long waiting lists for equipment eg motorised wheelchairs * More money = can buy more specialised equipment Youth * Age between childhood and adulthood * 15-24 years Usually studying so dependent on parents * Puberty, body changes * Getting their independence and learning about life NEEDS ACCESS TO SERVICES * Voluntary organisations give emergency help, basic needs and advi ce * The smith family * Mission Australia * St Vincent de paul * Lifeline gives crisis help, and counselling * Centrelink, HSC advice line, school and employment counsellors: employment training and counselling * Centrelink payments; Austudy, Newstart, Youth Allowance * Gym for physical wellbeing * Community organisations: * Sydney City Mission * Centrecare * Doctors * Community Centres * Community Transport * Educational Support Teams * Housing services Assistant employment opportunities EDUCATION * Lack of money or family support makes it hard to complete and access further education * Youth Allowance is there income while they study, look for work, training course, sick * Education is free and they have counsellors, social workers, career advisers for young people’s needs EMPLOYMENT * They can work full time, part time, casual so they have more responsibility especially to find a job/future career * Community resources help them find jobs eg Job Networks, Training Courses, Apprenticeship programs eg Green Corp * Informal eg charity, family, peers, teachers, coaches FINANCIAL SUPPORT Most are supported by family, so their parents income and social location impacts how much help they get from their parents and for how long, but higher earners won’t get centrelink * lower earners get family allowance, rent assistance, away from home rate eg * 20-24 are more independent, their job income lets them meet their needs, more are living with parents so saving money for travel, car, clothes, etc * Youth have to learn to manage money, get a good credit rating, save for a house deposit HEALTH * Have good health but vulnerable to asthma, sexual issues, unwanted pregnancies, risk behaviour; drugs and speed, mental/emotional problems; depression * Increasing rate of suicide especially for males HOUSING * Provided by family but problems at home e. g. family conflict, violence, health issues, poverty, desire for independence = they move out * They work and can pay for rent Others struggle and rely on department of housing, mission Australia or centrelink * Older youth need privacy and independence at home; some can live in the granny flat for les conflict over noise, friends over, personal space SECURITY AND SAFETY * Find it in family and peer group * Need a positive family environment and have enough resources for emotional and physical needs * Good peer group that doesn’t make them involved in drug abuse, binge drinking, safe sex, violent behaviour, gangs SELF-ESTEEM * They have to feel good about themselves, family is important * Parents should praise and encourage for them to succeed * Low self-esteem and depression from unemployment, poor self-image, peer pressure, relationship problems * Family has to give support and encourage if low self-esteem SENSE OF IDENTITY Move away from parents influence and into peer approval and acceptance * Grow personal and sexual identity and need a supportive and trusting environment for it * S ociety wants them to be responsible but sometimes don’t get the chance to prove it, eg can’t work until 14 yr 9 months, Factors affecting access to resources for the youth AGE * Government policies and regulations based on age; Abstudy for 14, Youth Allowance for 14-24, get their L’s at 16, P’s at 17 * Legal Aid hotline for people -18 * Impacts how they can access resources and services; eg access to school, gap-year programs, youth groups, etc * Barrier if they can’t vote or sign contract, go to nightclubs, buy alcohol * Not as much life experience = limits decision making ability DISABILITY Disabled that goes to mainstream schools can get special provisions for exams, or go to special school * Disabled youth can get Mobility Allowance if they can’t use public transport at 16 * TAFE has special courses too EDUCATION * Needed for further education and training eg university, so they can get higher-paid employment with more career opportuniti es to meet housing and self esteem needs also ETHNICITY/CULTURE * They have to learn English through intensive language course before school, a lot of private colleges teaches students English for their school * Ethnic people can study their language as a subjects and do well in it * Language and cultural barriers can make it harder to make friends at school GENDER Not as much of an impact as before; but still might be harder for some employments or promotion, eg easier for men to succeed in professional sport and get paid more LOCATION * Rural youth don’t get as much access to education, employment opportunities, recreational activities, health services, public transport * Negatively impacts how they can meed needs for education, health, employment, housing, financial support * Internet and technology breaks down the location barrier * Urban youth have more access to services and resources * Rural youth have more community support informally; friends, family, neighbours SOCI O-ECONOMIC STATUS Youth with more can afford more expensive recreational choices, private schooling, private health care * Lower socioeconomic status face limits with education and training but can’t work full time Sole Parent * One parent living with 1+ children * Due to divorce, separation, death, illness, desertion, child out of marriage * More at risk of poverty * Increasing due to increasing divorce NEEDS ACCESS TO SERVICES * Have more services but don’t access it * Public transport, the Jobs, Education and Training program, Parenting Payment, Family Allowance, Child Support Agency, childcare, DOCs * Ethnic sole parents aren’t as accepted in their community, especially unmarried women having kids EDUCATION * Going to school is time and money consuming Single parents could of interrupted their high school or uni education, hard to go back with a child, would need child care and financial help if they do * Workers might take time off for full time parenting, need qualification and update their experience, get training and education for a good job * Sole parents can still work full time and get their Centrelink payments * Parenting Payment can use the Jobs, Education and Training program for educational needs * Sydney western schoos have intensive programs that makes school more flexible for students to finish hsc EMPLOYMENT * Might spend more money with healthcare, travel, clothing than they get at work, get less rental assistance and rebate if they work, plus less time parenting so a lot don’t work * They don’t need to work until youngest child is 16 Need flexible work; with hours for them, family leave, eg * Employment lets them socialise with other adults FINANCIAL SUPPORT * Some need community and government support; government needs to give them more money * The Parenting Payment (Single) for single parents; depends on your income and allowance assets * Health Care Card * Parent who look s after child can get Child Su pport HEALTH * Medicare because private health care is expensive * Emotional health because they broke up with partner * Need advice and support; counselling services eg Lifeline, St Vincent de paul society, kids helpline * DOCs for family in crisis * Children can go into foster care while parents work out how to manage situation HOUSING Most rent, some get rental assistance; long waiting list for public housing * Public housing people get accessed every few years so they don’t have security * Have to find affordable housing if they can’t get public housing * Moving between homes of both parents can disrupt their education and daily lives SECURITY AND SAFETY * Women might not feel physically safe so get alarm system, live closesr to family and friends, feel threatened by ex partner, get an VO * Suffer loss, grief, shock * Parents Without Partners, Lone Fathers Association, Supporting Mothers Groups, Relationships Australia * Same needs as normal families but less flexi ble Might not feel like a good parent = low self-esteem * Person who got dumped feels rejected, the other feels bad, child can feel like it’s their fault; need to discuss issues and get counselling * Less time so less socialisation = low self-esteem SENSE OF IDENTITY * Isolated, feel different, lost friendship from partner, better for child if they have both parents still sharing responsibilities * Community shouldn’t just all as broke Factor affecting access to resources for sole parents AGE * Age impacts; eg 15 y/o won’t have the knowledge or about community organisations (or can’t drive to it) such as * Toy libraries * Community support eg Early Childhood Clinic Parents Without Partners; social groups for parents to get together and talk * Child Support Agency; helps parent get parent from the other parent that doesn’t live with them * Lone Fathers Association; support and socialising for single dads * Child Care Centres; parent support and soci alising for children * Agencies eg St Vincent de Pauls Societ, Smith Family, Burns Side (for kids), Red Cross, Salvation Army; all offer financial, emotional, physical support for families * There’s local support groups for teenage parents with these difficulties DISABILITY * Harder if child or parent has disability * 16+ disabled child can get Disability Support Pension They can get Mobility Parking Scheme; easier access for shops/medical appointments * Child can access young carer networks to deal with emotional strain if the parent has disability EDUCATION * Education = employment & money; higher wages * Use internet for access to educational programs * Might not get education if they have to look after child, or don’t have enough money because they spend it on childcare; Childcare rebate helps * Jobs, Education and Training (JET) = useful to find work, study ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Ethnic families and friends might not support single parenthood; so the parent doesnâ₠¬â„¢t get as much informal support * Language and cultural barriers limits access to community groups GENDER * Most are women so there’s more support out there for women then men LOCATION Urban parents have more community resources; childcare, schools, employments, adult education, support groups * Rural sole parents have more community support; family and friends SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS * High socioeconomic status; own a home, private health insurance and education for children * Low socioeconomic status; disadvantaged area, less recreational activities to save money, less informal support services Families in Crisis * Suffers from some kind of trauma; physical, social, emotional, financial * Trauma disturbs their daily life * More demands than resources * Due to natural disaster, death of family members, family breakdown, domestic violenc, alcohol/drug/gambling problems, retrenchment (broke) Needs ACCESS TO SERVICES Informal; family and friends * Centrelink payments; if parent dies there’s bereavement paysments, also for widow allowance. If divorced; family tax benefit, parenting payment, child-care benefit, maternity allowance. A lot for natural disaster. * Crisis from domestic violence; domestic violence line for support. Counselling service for women, also works with women refuges. Domestic volence advocacy serive for fre support and legal advice, solicitors. * Family protection and family crisis services; Relationships Australia gives counselling and assistance. DOCs: child protection and family crisis service if child gets abused or is in danger, also helps families adapt to ocial/economic changes by giving financial support, affordable housing, clothing, emotional support * HOUSING ASSISTANCE ACT 1996: gives funding to people to meet needs if they can’t do it themselves, family can get money to access resources * Addiction problems: Alcoholic Anonymous, self-support for alcoholics that help each other and give hope * Smith Family, vin nies, Mission Australia, Centcare gives welfare support and counselling * A lot don’t use these because they don’t know or have too much pride, informal support is important to direct them there. * But these resources don’t meet the demands EDUCATION * Important that crisis families doesn’t disrupt children’s education * Their only normal aspect of life, focus on study can shift focus from problems * If crisis is from something emotional eg parent divorce, drug/gambling problem than child might have concentration problems. Principle should be notified so teachers are nicer and don’t give them hard time at school. * School counsellor helps * Teachers/tutor can give extra help if they fall behind the school work EMPLOYMENT some still work, take leave or resign; depends on crisis or can get leave or holiday if work lets for time to deal with crisis and come back after crisis gets better * eg bushfire burns home; take 6 weeks leave and get finan cial help * government helps if it’s really bad and they can’t work or get help from employment assistance program * personal support programs helps people find work by helping them get over what’s stopping them from working, give them access to drug or alcohol rehabilitation programs and counselling; free program FINANCIAL SUPPORT * unexpected and sudden crisis means they’re not financially prepared * might need money if their broke or family member dies Centrelink gives Special Benefit payment for people broke due to reasons out of their control, DOCs considers their reasons and says if payment is granted or not * Diaster Relief Payment; short term help for victims of disaster, only if their house or source of income got damaged due to disaster * Exceptional Circumstances Relief Payments; for famers in affected areas that are struggling HEALTH * Stress from crisis is bad for long term health * Chronic stress leads to heart disease, cancer, alcoholism, h igh blood pressure, ulcers, metnal illness * Physical/emotional health problems from crisis of abuse or addiction; adult should remove themselves or remove the perpetrator HOUSING * Basic need might be at risk/jeopardy due to crisis e. g. : * Have to move out due to domestic violence * Lose home due to fire/earthquake * Can’t afford rent due to retrenchment They all need alternative housing or accommodation * The Supported Accommodation Assistance programs give money to community services that help people in crisis who need accommodation (both long term and emergency) and help them get back to independency and get their own home * Community services eg refuges, shelters, halfway houses * Charity organisations give money for housing needs or accommodation SECURITY AND SAFETY * Crisis threatens this important physical and emotional need * Eg violent homes harm physical need; child with domestic violence need help; alwas ill, low self-esteem, nightmares, disruptive at school, th ink it’s their fault.Need counselling and move family to somewhere safe * Death; family can feel fear, anger, guilty, anxiety, stress; might need professional help * Parent divorce; insecurity because family structure changed, children need help from parents that family changed but there’s still love, don’t make child choose between parents and keep child’s normal routines and discipline SELF-ESTEEM * Disturbed emotional well-being if family lost their home, life savings, family member * Might blame themselves or another family member; gives guilt that reduces their self-esteem * Crisis might make them lose independence, security, sense of belonging; family need each other and need to feel like they still have a good future and get it all back (independence etc) * Bad family members (eg addicts) still need love, professional help, informal support, feel worthwhile and confident to get new job, move on with life etc SENSE OF IDENTITY Family unit might brea k down and those who leave lack identity * Some family gets closer and stronger sense of identity * The quicker they overcome it, the less impact it has Factors affecting access to resources for families in crisis AGE * Age impacts ability; eg young people who can’t be independent if parents die, can’t drive or sign contract for loan * Old people can’t deal with crisis without help DISABILITY * Crisis resulting in disability changes family; they’ll need help/carer * Type of disability determines impact of education/employment EDUCATION * Need to know the government and community support available ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Might need help from translator; at major hospitals * Language/cultural barrier; less informal support Racism; Sudanese family can’t get a house to rent due to racist landlord GENDER * Women get help more and have better social support from family/friends LOCATION * Urban families; more access to major hospitals, support groups, employm ent opportunities * RURAL; community support SOCIOEONOMIC STATUS * Impacts wellbeing * HIGH; private health insurance and hospitals instead of waiting list, holiday house if theres burns down but can’t get government support due to high assets Socioeconomically disadvantaged * Lack sufficient income for basic needs (health services, food, housing, clothing) that the rest of society can afford * Hard to maintain adequate standard of living * Unemployed, rely on social security Poor due to disability, illness, living in remote area so can’t work and earn good income * Aged, sole parents, migrants, aborigines = at risk of being disadvantaged * Hard to break out of poverty cycle (poor parents raise kids to be poor; in environment that doesn’t foster education, or leave school for work, and get a low status/paying job, marry same social class) Needs ACCESS TO SERVICES * Can’t afford expensive things like private health insurance, specialist doctor care; social activities like holidays, eating out, entertainment; cars so rely on public transport; own home or home so need low cost housing, maybe even telephone * Rely on: * Department of Housing * Centrelink * Charity groups (Vinnies, Mission Australia, Smith Family) * Government’s welfare sysyem EDUCATION Most leave school early due to money; part time work, tire at school/can’t keep with work because basic needs aren’t met poor results, difficulty learning, home isn’t the learning environment * High priority because it gives them job with high income, so gov tries to keep them in school with Austudy payment (full time 25+ students), Youth Allowance for 16-24 y/o studying and independent 15y/o. EMPLOYMENT * Unemployed because no education, skills * Unemployed people poorer than those dependent on centrelinK * Usually long term unemployment * Need help to find jobs so government tries using an early intervention strategy; Persoanl Support program, Job Network pro grams, Literacy and Numeracy programs for people at risk of long term dependence * Centrelink has career counselling FINANCIAL SUPPORT Centrelink often not enough to meet rising cost of living * Youth Allowance; 21 and under & unemployed } * Newstart Allowance: 21+ & unemployed } enough money to find a job * Mature Age Allowance: 60+ & unemployed, but too young for Age Pension * Only have just enough money for needs, can’t save, need help from charity organisations, family, friends * Need help claiming benefits if they can’t read/write * Credit victims because they take loans on credit cards to buy things they don’t ed and end up in debt; buy things due to advertising/marketing persuading them that society needs it to improve standard of living HEALTH * Poor health, more illnesses * Not a top priority under everything else Medicare Levy provides essential medical services but not all, can’t afford private health insurance so end up on long waiting list at oublic hospital * Health Care Card if on centrelink = cheaper medicine * Health, household, educational, recreational, transport concessions from government HOUSING * Rent assistant and public housing * If they rent or buy a home and spend most of the money on that and only have enough for basic needs, wellbeing is damaged SECURITY AND SAFETY * Physically & financially unsafe and insecure * No income security * Poorly protected homes, insecure because they can’t stay there if they can’t afford rent/bills SELF-ESTEEM Poor people can feel undervalues, less dignity and chances to show their true potential, don’t get the same things as society gets = low self-esteem, depressed & nervous about financial stress, can’t provide for family = low self-esteem * Need to feel worthwhile members of society, and long-term help, charities help with physical, basic and also emotional needs in increase self worth and give positive state of mind SENSE OF IDENTITY * Poor, u nemployed, bad home; question sense of identity * Society looks down on them so they feel like failures that aren’t accepted. Strategies to overcome sense of failure needed, eg quit what’s making them poor like gambing, drug problems, leave and use family/community support increase self worth, government department & community resources give direction and sense of hope Factors that affect access to resources for socioeconomically disadvantaged people AGE Age impacts centrelink payments that are age based and knowledge about accessing those payments & other support services DISABILITY * Disability limits education and hence high earning jobs EDUCATION * Youth Allowance helps them finish their studies * Private schools offer scholarships * Children leave school early for work and income ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Ethnic people know less about community resources to help their health, financial, employment, educational needs * Language and cultural barrier limits informal suppor t GENDER * Women get less further education and employment due to gender role; eg sole parents, chronically ill, cultural groups LOCATION Urban have less access to resources like welfare groups, employment support, public transport, hospitals * Rural community have more informal support SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS * Status causes disadvantages, overcome by youth allowance, rental assistance, health cares, free literacy and numeracy courses Chronically ill * Ill for an extended period of time, because it’s continuous or reoccurring * Can get more serious and fatal * Can impact physically, emotionally, intellectually, socially, spiritually * Eg asthma, arthritis, diabetes mental illness, hypertension, emphysema, hay fever, back and neck problems, irritable bowel syndrome NEEDS ACCESS TO SERVICES * Rely on health professionals (doctors, surgeons, etc) Some can’t afford it, rely on public health system but there’s long waiting period and lists * Might not get coverage stra ight away of even be eligible for it if they were already ill * Can use home health care, respite care centrelinks EDUCATION * Same right to education as everyone else, but might have more absences * Special provisions at school, uni, tafe * School at some children’s hospitals; work sent to them * Education satisfied intellectual well-being, takes focus away from illness * Education about their illness makes them understand it more and control it, eg asthma avoids pollen EMPLOYMENT * Most work give sick leave with full pay, partial pay or no pay * Some can work from home * Might lose job if they over use their sick days * Hard to get another job with high absenteeism Some don’t interfere with job cause they can be controlled, eg diabetes * Worksafe Australia makes safety standards to prevent injury and disease * Legally protected (SW Workers Compensation Act 1987) gives workers compensation if there ill from work FINANCIAL SUPPORT * Chronic illness needs costly ongoing medical treatment, Have to change home and hard to keep job financial burden * Temporary sickness allowance for employed and sick people, need medical certificate * Centrelink: mobility allowance for people whose sickness prevents them using public transport * Government gives Medicare and Health Care Card to reduce financial burden HEALTH * Bad health might reduce their quality of life * Daily health affected by medication or treatments eg chemotherapy * Prevented or improved by control of diet and lifestyle choices HOUSING Financial burden might lower their housing standards; have to live in a poor area, struggle * House might need help for the ill eg ramps, handrails to meet there needs * Need there own room especially for extra sleep SECURITY AND SAFETY * Have to feel secure and safe in whatever environment; home or hospital * Positive and supportive environment if they feel depressed * Good communication with carer so they work together to reach common goal of better health * Need more love and support for their insecurity and powerlessness * Might change lifestyle for better health, eg diet and house changes eg handrails both to improve safety SELF ESTEEM Might get physical changes eg weight gain or loss, skin problems; negatively change their body image and wellbeing, lose independence low self esteem. So they should be treated like their capable, important members of society so they don’t feel useless and lonely SENSE OF IDENTITY * Depends on illness if it stops work, sport, social family life so they lose sense of identity * Can still manage illness and live life to the max FACTORS AFFECTING ACCESS TO RESOURCES FOR CHRONICALLY ILL AGE * Chronic illness more likely as you get older DISABLITY * Chronic illness can be with or made worse with disability like arthritis * They can get Disability Support Pension or Mobility Parking Scheme * Can use patient transport operated from ambulance service or get taxi allowance EDUCATION Need to know about th eir illness; its treatment and medication, support groups, new research and treatment, through internet; but can get wrong diagnosis * Internet increases access to social support, good if they don’t leave the house ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Language and culture can be barrier to understanding info and getting treatment, so harder to get health resources in community of centrelink benefits GENDER * Women more confident in getting services like doctors/counselling LOCATION * Rural have less access to health resources;major hospitals, support groups SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS * Impacts access to treatment and services * HIGH; private health insurance and hospitals, can get surgery overseas instead of being on waiting list Cultural groups; e. g. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Culture impacts lifestyle; diet, dress, language, social activities * Differs needs, wants, values, goals * Can be good but also draws lines and discrimination eg Aboriginals, Greeks, Italians, Lebanese Muslims, Tongans, Pacific Islanders, Jewish community, Asians, Sudanese * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander; members of the indigenous community, indigenous meaning ‘first people’ NEEDS ACCESS TO SERVICES * Need services that have experience in dealing with different cultures; interpreters at most government departments * Can learn new language at schools, community centres for immigrants * Cultural groups value spiritual programs in their own language * Indigenous might be in remote area so hard to get support EDUCATION Need education to improve language skills for interaction with community, find and use resources, get qualifications to find employment * Indigenous have a greater risk of academic failure and dropping out of school, nee to learn about their customs and the available government funding provisions EMPLOYMENT * Employment means money, but cultural groups that come from overseas with overseas qualification or no qualification can find it hard to secure employme nt if they don’t speak the same language as their work/clients FINANCIAL SUPPORT * Might need help to finish Centrelink paperwork * Abstudy: for Indigenous people at school 14+, makes them stay in school so they can get a job * Indigenous people need support to get affordable housing, basic needs; government assistance provided HEALTH Different groups have different health issues; Indigenous have diabetes, Jews have hereditary condition Tay Sachs disease * Indigenous have lower life expectancy because of their poor health care and nutrition; need to improve health and education, government aims at this HOUSING * Cultural groups usually live closer together, so the similar culture gives sense of belonging and support. Language barriers with rest of community. * Aged usually live with family and don’t want to move with nursing home because of cultural/language barrier * Indigenous = need support services to get affordable and safe living standards SECURITY AND SAFETY * N eeded in community; some groups are scared and scarred from history and experience of violence. Some might experience racism for their differences, which is protected by the Anti-Discrimination Act * Risky behaviour and preventative measures = more and longer survival, better wellbeing SELF-ESTEEM * Pride in their culture, culture adds diversity to food, dance, music, costumes; gives them self-esteem to belong in that group * More academic achievement, employment, increase in health and nutrition, helps with emotional and social wellbeing SENSE OF IDENTITY * Sense of identity in their heritage and traditions; pride in culture brings sense of idenitity * Eg greek men brough up to be providers of families, New Zealanders have sporting pride, Fijians are devout Christians; ig part of the identity * Indigenous = learning programs teach about their traditional customs FACOTS AFFECTING ACCESS TO RESOURCES FOR CULTURAL GROUPS AGE * Certain groups traditionally give more respect to the aged ; eg Indigenous, Japanese * Some need nursing homes that cater for their background, others forget English and only speak their original language so limits communication and understanding with family, friends * Indigenous = Abstudy is aged based DISABILITY * Some cultures get it more; eg Sudanese get physical disabilities from their home country atrocities. Handital; formal support for disabled Italians and their carers. Organisations for specific cultures in their community EDUCATION * For employment and income * Programs for education: Multicultural community centres with employment and training programs * Saturday School of Community Languages for young people to learn and speak native language * Tutor at school and uni for Indigenous students ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Formal resources for groups to meet needs, eg schools, nursing homes, community centres, hospitals * Centrelink has multilingual publications in different languages, and call centres. Makes them understand and use servic es GENDER * Impacts roles and responsibilities, eg men are providers LOCATION * Cultural group lives close together and closer to community support. * Rural cultural people get socially isolated, especially with language barriers SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS * Varies with individuals; Indigenous have lower due to low education and employment